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The Benefits Of Physical Activity
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Our special series on cardiac rehabilitation describes the importance of regular physical activity and/or participation in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and many other chronic diseases. Evidence is overwhelming to show that almost everyone can benefit from being physically active. This information is distributed regionally, nationally and internationally. Often, this message highlights the physical inactivity crisis and the health risks of not getting enough physical activity. This deficit-based information often includes recommendations based on general thresholds, where health benefits can only be calculated for specific volumes or intensities of physical activity. In this editorial, we argue that current general and deficit-based information misses a great opportunity to be positive, focused, and facilitate hope and real change at the individual, community, and population levels. We advocate for health and wellness-related self-empowerment and self-determination based on strengths in promoting health and wellness, based on the innate strengths of individuals, families, and communities. If we take a strength-based approach, we can build hope, promote the positive aspects of regular physical activity and exercise, and provide greater opportunities to improve health and well-being for all.
Regular physical activity and exercise have no health benefits [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Everyone can benefit from being physically active [2]. Various national and international organizations have provided lifelong physical activity recommendations [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], including recommendations for people with chronic medical conditions [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Along with these guidelines and recommendations are statements about the health risks associated with physical inactivity. Often the negative health effects of physical inactivity are strongly emphasized in support of the need for vigorous physical activity. Moreover, general recommendations are often provided that do not take into account the unique characteristics of each individual. In this editorial, we discuss how a deficit-based approach to promoting physical activity can lead to unintended and unintended consequences for health and well-being at individual, family, community, and societal levels. We advocate a strong foundation for promoting health and wellness based on the innate strengths and aspirations of individuals, families and communities.
Benefits Of Physical Activity In Older Adults
Many systematic reviews of the literature have supported the importance of regular physical activity and/or exercise participation in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular (in particular) and many other chronic diseases. Regular physical activity and/or exercise has been shown to be beneficial for more than 25 different chronic medical conditions [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 18]. Between physical activity and health, the risk of premature death is reduced by 20% to 30% and has several chronic medical conditions. Greater risk reduction is observed when objective markers of airway health are considered [2, 4, 20, 21]. In a recent systematic review of the literature, we found surprising data (from millions of participants) that regular physical activity was associated with a reduced risk of multiple health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and cancer mortality. , type 2 diabetes, hypertension, breast cancer, colon cancer, gestational diabetes, gallstone disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and self-reported health conditions). In the vast majority of studies, there is a non-linear relationship, with inactive people having the greatest health benefits with little change in physical activity participation. This systematic review also revealed that there is no minimum threshold for these health benefits. Importantly, we have shown that “more physical activity has significant health benefits” [2]. Activity levels required for health benefits were well below current national and international physical activity recommendations. These findings have been supported by various recent epidemiological studies [22, 23, 24]. Importantly, these health benefits appear to extend to many medical conditions, including mental health and well-being. For example, Harvey and colleagues [24] recently revealed that regular leisure-time exercise of any intensity was associated with a reduced risk of depression in apparently healthy adults (over 11 years). After adjusting for a number of confounders, the authors estimated that approximately 12% of future depression could be prevented if participants engaged in at least 1 hour of physical activity/exercise per week. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 studies found that participation in running was associated with a 27, 30, and 23% reduction in all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related risk, respectively. Death. Importantly, very small amounts of running (ie, ≤1 time/week, 50 min/week, <6 mm, and <500 MET-min/week) had a significant all-cause mortality effect, and there was no evidence of increased mortality. Beneficial for increased running volume [25]. Similarly, in a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ekelund and colleagues recently examined the inverse association between pedometer-assessed total physical activity, different physical activity intensities, and sedentary time and intermediate all-cause mortality. Big and big. The authors found that any physical activity (regardless of intensity) and time spent sitting were associated with lower doses of medication and a significantly reduced risk of premature death [26]. Collectively, these findings support the importance of regular physical activity and/or exercise participation, a health promotion slogan that can be simplified to “move more, sit less” [ 2 ].
From the beginning of this editorial, it should be recognized that health is not just the absence of disease [4, 27, 28, 29]. As such, it is also important to recognize the important benefits of regular physical activity on overall health (eg, spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical health) [4, 27, 28, 29].
As mentioned above, the health benefits of physical activity are widespread throughout the world. Different national and international recommendations and guidelines for apparently healthy people and people living with chronic medical conditions highlight the risks of too little activity and often contain deficit-based statements in them or in supporting documents. For example, many national and international physical activity guidelines provide information based on thresholds, suggesting that health benefits can only be achieved with certain limits of moderate-to-vigorous (150 min/week) or vigorous (75 min/week) intensity. Physical activity is accomplished. Information based on these thresholds and expert opinion has been widely promoted despite strong evidence demonstrating significant and clinically relevant health benefits of high levels of physical activity (eg, half or less) [4, 20, 23, 30]. Moreover, despite evidence for a curvilinear relationship with no clear threshold for health benefits, significant knowledge translation errors may be introduced when threshold-based information is used [ 2 ]. Despite strong evidence supporting the inverse relationship between physical activity and health outcomes, in recent years, statements such as “you should do,” “you should do,” or “you must at least participate” have often been included in physical activity. More evidence-based guidelines reflect the continuum of benefits from being more physically active [2, 4].
Recently, a series of impressive updated physical activity guidelines have been published from the United Kingdom (UK) [10] and the United States (US). These key evidence- and consensus-based guidelines and/or relevant resources include an open acknowledgment that small changes in physical activity behavior can have significant health benefits (especially in physically active/fit individuals). For example, UK guidelines [10] state that “evidence now suggests that a minimum level of physical activity is not necessary to achieve some health benefits”. The guidelines also state that “adults should aim to be physically active every day for good physical and mental health. “Any activity is better than none, and more is better.” Similarly, the document supporting the US guidelines states that “scientific evidence
How Much Physical Activity Do You Need?
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